Science9 min read
El Niño and La Niña Explained: The Pacific's Two Moods
How the ENSO cycle works — trade winds, thermocline tilt, warm pools and global teleconnections — and why the Pacific's mood swings reach every ocean.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
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4 articles
Science9 min read
How El Niño Forecasts Are Made: Skill, Limits, and Reading Them for Kelp Coasts
ENSO forecasts steer decisions on kelp coasts months ahead. Here's how they're made, how far ahead they're skilled, and what they can't tell you.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Science9 min read
El Niño and Kelp: What Happens When the Pacific Warms
Every few years the Pacific reorganises itself and kelp forests pay the price. How El Niño starves kelp — and how La Niña's cool afterwash lets it recover.
Dr. Mara Ellison ·
Science8 min read
El Niño vs a Marine Heatwave: Two Kinds of Warm Water, Two Kinds of Kelp Stress
Both make headlines as warm water, but El Niño and marine heatwaves are different beasts. How they differ, how they interact, and what each does to kelp.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·