Atlas9 min read
Bahía Magdalena: Lagoon Life and Kelp at the Pacific's Edge
Bahía Magdalena on Baja's Pacific coast shelters gray whales in mangrove lagoons — and hides giant kelp at its southern limit on the ocean shore outside.
Dr. Theo Nakamura ·
#el-nino
10 articles
Encyclopedia9 min read
California Flying Fish (Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus californicus): Gliding the Warm Edge
California flying fish: the biggest glider above the kelp coast. How they launch, why they arrive with warm water, and what eats them.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Science8 min read
Coastal Trapped Waves: The Weather That Travels Along Coastlines
Coastal trapped waves carry sea level, temperature and nutrient signals thousands of kilometres along coastlines — the ocean's long-distance phone line.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Science9 min read
El Niño and La Niña Explained: The Pacific's Two Moods
How the ENSO cycle works — trade winds, thermocline tilt, warm pools and global teleconnections — and why the Pacific's mood swings reach every ocean.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Science9 min read
How El Niño Forecasts Are Made: Skill, Limits, and Reading Them for Kelp Coasts
ENSO forecasts steer decisions on kelp coasts months ahead. Here's how they're made, how far ahead they're skilled, and what they can't tell you.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Atlas8 min read
The Galápagos Kelp: A Forest Rediscovered at the Equator
Eisenia galapagensis, the Galápagos' only kelp, vanished after the 1982–83 El Niño and was feared extinct — until deep divers found it alive in 2018.
Dr. Theo Nakamura ·
Atlas9 min read
Magdalena Bay: Kelp at the Edge of the Mangroves
Where the California Current's kelp fringe meets Baja's mangrove lagoons — a meeting of two worlds, winter whales and the southern frontier of giant kelp.
Tom Okafor ·
Atlas8 min read
Baja California: The Southern Frontier of Giant Kelp
Baja California's Pacific kelp beds mark giant kelp's warm-water frontier — a coast of El Niño crashes, fast recovery, red urchin fisheries and hard-won lessons.
Dr. Elias Brandt ·
Science9 min read
El Niño and Kelp: What Happens When the Pacific Warms
Every few years the Pacific reorganises itself and kelp forests pay the price. How El Niño starves kelp — and how La Niña's cool afterwash lets it recover.
Dr. Mara Ellison ·
Science8 min read
El Niño vs a Marine Heatwave: Two Kinds of Warm Water, Two Kinds of Kelp Stress
Both make headlines as warm water, but El Niño and marine heatwaves are different beasts. How they differ, how they interact, and what each does to kelp.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·