3 articles
Keystone species hold ecosystems together despite small numbers. How Robert Paine's starfish experiment defined the idea — and what it means for kelp forests.
Dr. Theo Nakamura ·
From 2013, sea star wasting liquefied stars from Alaska to Mexico and erased the sunflower star, a keystone urchin predator. The science, and the kelp fallout.
Dr. Mara Ellison ·
Kelp crabs graze the very forest they live in. How Pugettia producta clips, prunes and cleans kelp fronds — and why predators keep the shears in check.
Dr. Theo Nakamura ·