Science10 min read
The CTD Cast: How Oceanographers Read a Column of Water
A CTD cast reads temperature, salt and depth through the whole water column. Inside the instrument that gave oceanography its vertical vision.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
#salinity
9 articles
Science11 min read
Estuaries and Kelp: Life Between River and Sea
Estuaries layer fresh water over salt in shifting gradients. How estuarine circulation works, where kelp's brackish limit lies, and why the river–sea edge matters.
Dr. Theo Nakamura ·
Science9 min read
Where Rivers Meet the Kelp: Freshwater Plumes, Sediment and Stress
River plumes deliver nutrients that feed kelp forests — and floods that smother them in sediment and fresh water. The double-edged physics of the river mouth.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Science9 min read
Seawater Chemistry 101: Salinity, pH and Alkalinity
Why the sea is salty, why it's slightly alkaline, and why its pH is drifting. A gentle but rigorous introduction to the chemistry that rules marine life.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Farming8 min read
Freshwater Hits the Farm: Managing Salinity Shocks on Seaweed Sites
An atmospheric river can drop farm salinity for weeks. How seaweed farmers monitor freshwater events, protect stock and learn each site's local limits.
Naomi Reyes ·
Science10 min read
Thermoclines, Haloclines and Pycnoclines: The Ocean's Hidden Layers
Thermoclines, haloclines and pycnoclines are the invisible boundaries that slice the sea into layers. What they are, how they form, and why they run coastal life.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·
Farming9 min read
Reading the Water: Temperature, Salinity and Nitrate for Seaweed Farmers
How seaweed farmers should read temperature, salinity and nitrate: practical sensor routines, thermocline effects and simple decision rules for kelp growth.
Naomi Reyes ·
Atlas9 min read
Kelp Coasts of the Baltic Sea: Seaweeds at the Edge of Salinity
A coastal atlas guide to the Baltic Sea, where salinity drops below what most kelp can survive and bladderwrack forests rule a brackish inland sea.
Dr. Mara Ellison ·
Science8 min read
Ocean Salinity, Explained: Why the Sea Is Salty and Layered
Why is the sea salty, why is some sea fresher than the rest, and why does salt settle into layers? The ocean's salt budget and haloclines, explained.
Dr. Lena Fischer ·